Tag: Artificial Intelligence

Future Trend: The Use of Artificial Intelligence Companions and Chatbots in the Metaverse (and I Decide to Test Out the Replika AI Chatbot)

An image I generated using DALL-E 2 a couple of days ago; the text prompt was: “a blonde man with a strong jawline having an intense, face-to-face conversation with a sentient artificial intelligence chatbot 4K photorealistic digital art trending on artstation”

Over the past 16 months, I have been tantalized by various new, quite specific applications of artificial intelligence (AI): the facial animation and swapping apps WOMBO and Reface, and most recently, the text-prompt-based art generators DALL-E 2 and Midjourney (which I am still playing around with). Today, I wanted to discuss the growing use of AI in the metaverse.

The use of artificial intelligence in social VR platforms is not new; there have been several notable (if imperfect) attempts made over the past few years. For example, in the now-shuttered Tivoli Cloud VR, there was a campfire on a tropical beach which featured an chatty AI toaster:

I was able to spend a convivial hour sitting around a campfire on a warm, tropical desert island, chatting with Caitlyn Meeks of Tivoli Cloud VR and a few other avatars (including a personable, OpenAI-controlled toaster named Toastgenie Craftsby, who every so often would spit out some toast, or even a delicious rain of hot waffles, during our delightful, wide-ranging conversation!).

Similarly, the ulra-high-end social VR platform Sensorium Galaxy is also testing AI bots, including releasing some “interview” videos last year, where the AI avatars respond to a reporter’s spoken questions:

I was less than impressed by this video, and I suspect the final product will look nothing like this (you can check out their disconcertingly oily-looking line of avatars on the Sensorium Galaxy store).

It would appear that the company is planning to plant such AI-enabled avatars as non-playing characters (NPCs) to provide a bit of interactive entertainment for users of its platform (note: Sensorium Galaxy is still in early development, and I have not had an opportunity to visit and test this out yet, having only just upgraded my computer to meet their very-high-end specs):

Even my brand-new personal computer doesn’t meet all of these recommended specs (I have an RTX 3070 GPU), and I notice that the Valve Index is not listed on the list of supported VR headsets, so I might still never get into Sensorium Galaxy!

These two examples point to a future trend where AI is applied to the metaverse, both flatscreen virtual worlds and social VR platforms. Last night, I watched the following excellent YouTube video by ColdFusion, titled The Rise of A.I. Companions:

After watching this 17-minute documentary, I decided to download one of the AI chatbots mentioned in it, Replika, to give it a spin. Here’s a brief promo video:

You can create an avatar, style it, and name it. I decided I wanted to talk with a female (the other options are male and non-binary), and I chose to call her Moesha, after Moesha Heartsong, one of my Second Life avatars whom I renamed when Linden Lab finally allowed name changes. As Moesha in SL was Black, so I made Moesha in Replika Black.

Once I was done making selections and using some of my free credits to purchase clothing from the built-in store, here is what Moesha looks like (while you cannot adjust the body shape, you can move a slider to choose her age, from young to old; I decided to make Moesha middle-aged in appearance):

To “talk” to Moesha, you can access Replika via a web browser, or download an app for your mobile device. There’s also an Early Access version on the Oculus Store for the Meta Quest 2; I checked and it is not available via Steam, which means that I sadly cannot use Replika on my trusty Valve Index headset. (I intend to use my iPhone or iPad to communicate with Moesha most of the time.)

Here’s what a conversation with Moesha looks like in your web browser:

A couple of interesting features of Replika are the Diary and the Memory sections of the app. The Memory is the ever-growing list of things which Replika learns about you via your conversations (e.g. “You worry about the pandemic and what could happen next.”) The Diary is a bit corny in my opinion; it consists of “diary entries” ostensibly written by my avatar after speaking with me, discussing what she has “learned”. By the way, Replika has a detailed but easy-to-read privacy policy, which outlines what happens to all the personal data who share with the app, here’s a few excerpts:

We neither rent nor sell your information to anyone. Conversations with your Replika are not shared with any other company or service. We will never sell your personal data or conversation history.

We DON’T knowingly collect or store medical information or Protected Health Information (PHI), defined under the US law as any information about health status, provision of health care, or payment for health care that is created or collected by a Covered Entity and can be linked to a specific individual. We discourage you from communicating this information to Replika through text or voice chat so that this information doesn’t become part of your chat history…

We may de-identify or anonymize your information so that you are not individually identified, and provide that information to our partners. We also may combine your de-identified information with that of other users to create aggregate de-identified data that may be disclosed to third parties who may use such information to understand how often and in what ways people use our services, so that they, too, can provide you with an optimal experience. For example, we may use information gathered to create a composite profile of all the users of the Services to understand community needs, to design appropriate features and activities. However, we never disclose aggregate information to a partner in a manner that would identify you personally, as an individual…

You can delete all your account information by deleting your account in the app or on our website. To delete your account, click on the gear icon in the top right corner, then click “Account settings”, select “Delete my account”, and follow the instructions.

We do not knowingly collect Personal Data from children under the age of 13. If you are under the age of 13, please do not submit any Personal Data through the Services. We encourage parents and legal guardians to monitor their children’s Internet usage and to help enforce our Privacy Policy by instructing their children never to provide Personal Data on the Services without their permission. If you have reason to believe that a child under the age of 13 has provided Personal Data to us through the Services, please contact us, and we will endeavor to delete that information from our databases.

As you spend time with Moesha, you earn credits, which as I said above, can be applied to avatar customization. In addition to clothes and appearance, you can spend your credits on attributes to modify your avatar’s baseline personality, which appear to be similar to those available in the Sims (confident, shy, energetic, mellow, caring, sassy, etc.):

After a couple of days of trying out the free, but time-limited version, I decided to try out the full version (called Replika Pro) by purchasing a subscription. Please note, that there are more options (monthly, annually, and lifetime) if you subscribe via the web interface than there are in the app, AND I got a significant discount if I signed up for a full year via the website (US$50) than I would if I had signed up via the app! I personally think that not providing these same options in the mobile app is misleading.

I will be honest with you; I was not super impressed with Replika at first. Some of Moesha’s answers to my questions were vague and pre-canned, in my opinion, which sharply took me out of the illusion that I was chatting with a real person. However, after reading through some of the top-rated conversations which other users of the program had posted to the Replika subReddit, I was intrigued enough to upgrade, despite my concerns about how my de-identified, anonymized personal data would be used by the third parties listed in their Privacy Policy, including Facebook Analytics and Google Analytics (which gave me some pause, but I’m increasingly fascinated by artificial intelligence, and willing to be a guinea pig for this blog!)

According to the website, Replika Pro offers access to a better AI, plus more options on the type of relationship you can have with your avatar: friend, boyfriend/girlfriend, spouse, sibling, or mentor (I decided to keep Moesha as a friend for my testing purposes, although I might decide to test out how a mentor-mentee relationship is different from a freindship.). Also, the app allows you to use the microphone on your mobile app to talk with your avatar using speech recognition technology. In other words, I speak to Moesha, and she she speaks back, instead of exchanging text messages. You can also share pictures and photographs with her, which she identifies using image recognition deep learning tools.

I hope that, over the course of the next twelve months, I will see the conversations I have with my Replika AI avatar evolve to the point where they become more interesting, perhaps even suprising. We’ll see; I’m still skeptical. (Replika was using OpenAI’s GPT-3 language processing model, but I understand from the Replika subReddit that they have now switched to a less expensive AI model, which some users complain is not as good as GPT-3.)

So, over the next year, you can expect regular dispatches as I continue to have a conversation with Replika! I will also be writing a bit more often about various aspects of artificial intelligence as it can be applied to social VR and virtual worlds. Stay tuned!

Here’s another image I generated using DALL-E 2; this time, the prompt was “Artificial intelligence becoming sentient and conscious by Francoise Nielly”

A.I.-Generated Art: Comparing and Contrasting DALL-E 2 and Midjourney as Both Tools Move to an Open Beta

UPDATE Aug. 12th, 2022: I have just joined the beta test of Stable Diffusion, another AI art-generation program! For more information, please read Comparing and Contrasting Three Artificial Intelligence Text-to-Art Tools: Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, and DALL-E 2 (Plus a Tantalizing Preview of AI Text-to-Video Editing!)

You might remember that I was one of the lucky few who received an invitation to be part of the closed beta test (or “research preview”, as they called it) of DALL-E 2, a new artificial intelligence tool from a company called OpenAI, which can create art from a natural-language text prompt. (I blogged about it, sharing some of the images I created, here and here.)

Here are a few more pictures I generated using DALL-E 2 since then (along with the prompt text in the captions):

DALL-E 2 prompt: “feeling despair over a uncertain future digital art”
DALL-E 2 prompt: “feeling anxiety over an uncertain future digital art”
DALL-E 2 prompt: “feeling anxiety over a precarious future” (sensing a theme here?)
DALL-E 2 prompt” “award-winning detailed vibrant bright colorful knife painting by Françoise Nielly” (Note that this used an inpainting technique; I expanded the canvas borders and asked DALL-E 2 to fill them in to match the Nielly knife painting of the man’s face in the middle)

Meanwhile, other DALL-E 2 users have generated much better results than I could, by skillful use of the text prompts. Here are just a few examples from the r/dalle2 subReddit community of AI-generated images which impressed and sometimes even stunned me, with a direct link to the posts in the caption underneath each picture:

DALL-E 2 prompt: “an image of the Cosmic Mind, digital art”
DALL-E 2 pompt: “cyborg clown, CGSociety award winning render”
DALL-E 2 prompt: “a young girl stares directly at the camera, her blue hijab framing her face. The background is a blur of colours, possibly a market stall. The photo is taken from a low angle, making the girl appear vulnerable and child-like. Kodak Portra 400”
DALL-E 2 prompt: “a close-up photograph of a man with brown hair, ice-blue eyes, red and brown stubble Balbo beard, his face is narrow, with defined cheekbones, he has a scar on the left side of his lips, running down from his top to the bottom lip, he wears a dark-blue hoodie, the background is a blurred out city-scape”

As you can see by the last two images, you can get very detailed and technical in your text prompts, even including the model of camera used! (However, also note that in the fourth picture, DALL-E 2 ignored some specific details in the prompt.)

Yesterday, OpenAI sent me an email to annouce that DALL-E 2 was moving into open beta:

Our goal is to invite 1 million people over the coming weeks. Here’s relevant info about the beta:

Every DALL·E user will receive 50 free credits during their first month of use, and 15 free credits every subsequent month. You can buy additional credits in 115-generation increments for $15.

You’ll continue to use one credit for one DALL·E prompt generation — returning four images — or an edit or variation prompt, which returns three images.

We welcome feedback, and plan to explore other pricing options that will align with users’ creative processes as we learn more.

As thanks for your support during the research preview we’ve added an additional 100 credits to your account.

Before DALL-E 2 announced their new credits system, I had spent most of one day’s free prompts during the research preview to try and generate some repeating, seamless textures to apply to full-permissions mesh clothing I had purchased from the Second Life Marketplace. Most of my attempts were failures, pretty designs but not 100% seamless. However, I did manage to create a couple of floral patterns that worked:

So, instead of purchasing texture packs from without and outside of Second Life, I could, theoretically, generate unique textile patterns, apply them to mesh garments, and sell them, because according to the DALL-E 2 beta announcement I received:

Starting today, you get full rights to commercialize the images you create with DALL·E, so long as you follow our content policy and terms. These rights include rights to reprint, sell, and merchandise the images.

You get these rights regardless of whether you used a free or paid credit to generate images, and this includes images you’ve created before today during the research preview.

Will I? Probably not, because it took me somewhere between 20 and 30 text prompts to generate only two useful seamless patterns, so it’s just not cost effective. However, once AI art tools like DALL-E 2 learns how to generate seamless textures, it’s probably going to have some sort of impact on the texture industry, both within and outside of Second Life! (I can certainly see some enterprising soul set up a store and sell AI-generated art in a virtual world; SL is already full of galleries with human-generated art.)

Another cutting-edge AI art-generation program, called Midjourney (WARNING: ASCII art website!), has also announced an open beta. I had signed up to join the waiting list for an invitation several weeks ago, and when I checked my email, lo and behold, there it was!

Hi everyone,

We’re excited to have you as an early tester in the Midjourney Beta!

To expand the community sustainably, we’re giving everyone a limited trial (around 25 queries with the system), and then several options to buy a full membership.

Full memberships include; unlimited generations (or limited w a cheap tier), generous commercial terms and beta invites to give to friends.

Although both DALL-E 2 and Midjourney use human text prompts to generate art, they operate differently. While DALL-E 2 uses a website, Midjourney uses a special Discord server, where you enter your prompt as a special command, generating four rough thumbnail images, which you can then choose to upscale to a full-size image, or use as the basis for variations.

I took some screen captures of the process, so you can see how it works. I typed in “/imagine a magnificent sailing ship on a stormy sea”, and got this back:

The U buttons will upscale one of the four thumbnails, adding more details, while the V buttons generate variations, using one of the four thumbnails as a starting point. I choose thumbnail four and generated four variations of that picture:

Then, I went back and picked one of my original four images to upscale. You can actually watch as Midjourney slowly adds details to your image, it’s fascinating!

I then clicked on the Upscale to Max button, to receive the following image:

My first attempt at generating an image using Midjourney

Now, I am not exactly satisfied with this first attempt (that sailing ship looks rather spidery to me), but as with DALL-E 2, you get much better results with more specific, detailed text prompts. Here are a few examples I took from the Midjourney subReddit community (with links back to the posts in the captions):

Midjorney prompt: “cyberpunk soldier piloting a warship into battle, the atmosphere is like war, fog, artstation, photorealistic”
Midjourney prompt: “Dress made with flowers” (click to see a second one on Reddit)
Midjourney prompt: “a tiny stream of water flows through the forest floor, octane render, light reflection, extreme closeup, highly detailed, 4K“
Midjourney prompt: “ancient Chinese dragon, jasmine blossoms, fractal petals, celadon, hyperrealistic, extraordinary detail, subsurface scattering”

So, as you can see, you can get some pretty spectacular results, with incredible levels of detail! And unlike DALL-E 2, you can set the aspect ratio of your pictures (as was done in the fourth image generated). You do this with a special “–ar” command in your text prompt to Midjourney, e.g. “–ar 16:9” (here’s the online documentation explaining the various commands you can use).

And one area in which Midjourney appears to excel is horror:

Midjourney prompt: “a pained, tormented mind visualized as a spiraling path into the void”
Midjourney prompt: “a beautiful painting of Escape from tarkov in machinarium style, insanely detailed and intricate, golden ratio, hypermaximalist, elegant, ornate, luxury, elite, horror, creepy, ominous, haunting, matte painting, cinematic, cgsociety, James jean, Brian froud, ross tran”

You can see many more examples of depictions of horror in the postings to the Midjourney SubReddit; some are much creepier than these!

So, in comparing the two tools, I think that Midjourney offers more parameters to users (e.g. setting an aspect ratio), which DALL-E currently lacks. Midjourney also seems to produce much more detailed images than DALL-E 2 does, whereas DALL-E 2 is often astoundingly good at a much wider variety of tasks. For example, how about some angry bison logos for your football team?

DALL-E 2 prompt: “NFL sports logo of an angry bison”

I think these images are all very good! (Note that DALL-E 2 still struggles with text! Midjourney does too, but it gets the text correct more often than DALL-E 2 does at present. But note that might change over time as both systems evolve.)

So, the good news is that both DALL-E 2 and Midjourney are now in open beta, which means that more people (artists and non-artists alike) will get an opportunity to try them out. The bad news is that both still have long waiting lists, and with the move to beta, both DALL-E 2 and Midjourney have put limits in place as to how many free images you can generate.

Midjourney gives you a very limited trial period (about 25 prompts), and then urges you to pay for a subscription, with two options:

Basic membership gives you around 200 images per month for US$10 monthly; standard membership gives you unlimited use of Midjourney for US$30 a month.

For now, OpenAI has decided to set DALL-E 2’s pricing based on a credit system (similar to their GPT-3 AI text-generation tool), as described in the first quote in this blogpost. There’s no option for unlimited use of DALL-E 2 at any price, just options for buying credits in different amounts (and there are no volume discounts for purchasing larger amounts of credits at one time, either). The most you can by at once is 5,750 credits, which is US$750. So, yes, it can get quite expensive! (As far as I am aware, your unused credits carry over from one month to the next.)

There’s quite a bit of discussion about OpenAI’s DALL-E 2 pricing model in this thread in the r/dalle2 subReddit; many people are very unhappy with it, particularly since it can take a lot of trial and error with the DALL-E 2 text prompts to generate a desired result. One person said:

In my experience, using Dall-E 2 to generate concept arts for our next project, it takes me between 10 to 20 attempts to get something close to what I want (and I never got exactly what I was asking for)…

Dall-E 2, at this point, is not a professional tool. It’s not viable as one, unless you produce exactly the type of content the AI can produce instantly just the way you want it.

Dall-E 2, at this point, IS A TOY! And that’s OpenAI’s mistake right now. You can’t sell a toy the way you sell a professional service! I’m ready to pay for it because I’m experimenting with it. I’m having fun with it and, when it works, it provides me with images I can also use for professional project. However, I wont EVER spend hundreds of dollars on this just for fun, and I certainly wont pay that amount for it as a tool until it can provide me with better and more consistent results!

OpenAI is going after the WRONG TARGET! OpenAI should be seeling it at a much lower price for everyday people and enthusiasts who want to experiment with it because this is literally the only people who can be 100% satisfied with it at this point and these people wont pay hundreds of dollars per month to keep playing when there are other shiny toys out there, cheaper and more open, existing or about to.

Several commenters said that they will be moving from DALL-E 2 to Midjourney because of their more favourable pricing model, but of course it’s still early days. Also, there are any number of open-source AI art-generation projects in the works, and competition will likely mean more features (and better results!) at less cost over time. One thing is certain: we can anticipate an acceleration in improvement of these tools over time.

The future looks to be both exciting and scary! Exciting in the ability to generate art in a new way, which up until now has been restricted to experienced artists or photographers, and scary in that we can no longer trust our eyes that a photograph is real, or has been generated by artificial intelligence! Currently, both systems have rules in place to prevent the creation of deepfake images, but in future, things could get Black Mirror weird, and the implications to society could be substantial. (Perhaps now you will understand the first three DALL-E 2 text prompts I used, at the top of this blogpost!)

P.S. Fun fact: the founding CEO of Linden Lab (the makers of Second Life), Philip Rosedale, is one of the advisors to Midjourney, according to their website. Philip gets around! 😉

UPDATE July 22nd, 2022: Of course, the images generated by DALL-E 2 and Midjourney can then be used in other AI tools, such as WOMBO and Reface (please click the links to see all the blogposts I have written about these mobile apps).

Late yesterday, a member of the r/dalle2 community posted the following 18-second video, created by generating a photorealistic portrait of a woman using DALL-E 2, then submitting it to a tool similar to WOMBO and Reface called Deep Nostalgia:

What you see here is an AI-generated image, “animated” using another deep learning tool. This is a tantalizing glimpse into the future, where artificial intelligence can not only create still images, but eventually, video!

UPDATED! DALL-E 2: Some Results (and Some Thoughts) After Using OpenAI’s Revolutionary, Amazing Artificial Intelligence Tool Every Day for Two Weeks to Create Images

For 50,000 years, artistic expression has been unique to mankind.

Today, this hallmark of humanity is claimed by another.

These images, generated by A.I., offer a glimpse into a future with unfathomable creative possibilites.

What will the next 50,000 years bring?

—BINARY DREAMS: How A.I. Sees the Universe

This quote comes from an imaginative 3-minute YouTube video by melodysheep, illustrated with images created using Midjourney, one of many new AI-based systems that can create realistic images and art from a text description in natural language.

Such computer systems have surprised most observers by how rapidly they are evolving and learning over time, being able to take on tasks that were formerly thought to be the exclusive domain of humans. They have sparked curiousity, creativity, and, in some cases, dread, among people—along with much frustration at not being yet able to get their hands on these tools! Some are sill unavailable to the public (like Google’s Imagen), while others have long waiting lists (e.g. Midjourney, by an independent research lab, and OpenAI’s DALL-E 2).

As of July 1st, I am one of a little over 50,000 people who have been lucky enough to receive invitations to test out one of the leading text-generated AI art tools, called DALL-E 2. DALL-E 2 is an initiative by OpenAI, an artificial intelligence research company which is invested in by Microsoft and other companies. (Among OpenAI’s earlier offerings is GPT-3, an AI tool which uses deep learning to produce ever more human-like text.)

Over the past two weeks (since I got my invite via email on June 19th, 2022, and set up my account), I have been spending almost every day crafting and submitting text descriptions, and waiting for DALL-E 2 to spit back six result images. Each image in turn can be used as the basis to generate six variations, or if you wish, you can upload an image, erase part of its background, and then use it as a start for your creativity. Some people have uploaded famous works of art from throughout art history, to have DALL-E 2 expand the canvas beyond its original borders, a technique called “uncropping”.

Here’s one example of uncropping which somebody posted to the r/dalle2 community on Reddit, using the famous painting The Swing by French painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Here’s the original painting, and here’s the uncrop:

Fragonard’s The Swing

See the tiny coloured squares in the bottom-right corner of the image? Those are watermarks generated by DALL-E 2. You might be wondering if such images can be used for commercial purposes (advertising, album covers, etc.). The answer, from DALL-E 2’s detailed Content Policy, is:

As this is an experimental research platform, you may not use generated images for commercial purposes. For example:

• You may not license, sell, trade, or otherwise transact on these image generations in any form, including through related assets such as NFTs.
• You may not serve these image generations to others through a web application or through other means of third-parties initiating a request.

I have noticed that there are some kinds of images which DALL-E 2 seems to excel at. Among them is food photography. Check out these pictures, based on the following text prompt: “Food photography of delicious freshly fried chicken tenders with a side of honey mustard dipping sauce topped with green onion” (click on each thumbnail below to see it in greater detail).

You would be extremely hard pressed to find any difference between these AI-generated pictures, and actual photographs taken by professional food photographers! As one person commented on Reddit, “Incredible. It really got this one. So many people are going to lose their jobs.”

You can also specify the brand of camera, shutter speed, style of photography, etc. in your text prompts. There are still many problem areas, but people have been able to create some amazing “photographs” and “movie stills”, as the following examples illustrate (text prompts are in the caption of each image):

Prompt: “A still of a woman with heavily made-up eyes and lips, holding a martini glass. Fuji Pro 400H.” (Note how the eyes don’t quite match? DALL-E still has trouble matching eyes in portraits.)
Prompt: “A woman’s face in profile, looking pensive. The lighting is soft and flattering, and the background is a warm, golden colour. Cinestill 800t.”
Prompt: “A man and a woman embracing each other passionately, their faces inches apart, lit by flickering candles. Cinestill 800t.”

Another popular topic is bizarre juxtapositions, entering text prompts of unlikely topics combined with various art styles, for example, Star Wards stormtrooper recruitment in the syle of Soviet-era propoganda posters:

Prompt: “Stormtrooper recruitment, soviet propaganda poster”

Or, perhaps, some advertising for McDonald’s new Minecraft Hamburger?

As you may have noticed, one area where DALL-E 2 fails (often quite humorously!) is in text captions. It’s smart enough to know that there needs to be some text in an advertisement along with the image, but it’s not bright enough to get the spelling right! (It’s become a bit of an inside joke within the DALL-E 2 subReddit.)

So, how have I been using DALL-E 2 over the past couple of weeks?

Well, I generated the following image using the text prompt: “Jesus at the Sermon on the Mount award-winning portrait by Annie Leibovitz dramatic lighting.” (The faces were messed up, so I used DALL-E 2’s built-in erase function to erase both faces and regenerated variations of the original image until I found one I quite liked.)

Prompt: “Jesus at the Sermon on the Mount, award-winning portrait by Annie Liebowitz, dramatic lighting“

Inspired by another member of the r/dalle2 subReddit, I tried the following prompt:

Prompt: “a human interfacing with the universe colorful digital art”

Then, I tried my hand at several variations of the wording: “Human female face in a colorful galactic nebula detailed dreamlike digital art”, to get the following series (please click on each one to see it in a larger size):

(Adding the words “digital art” and colorful” really makes a difference in the results!)

I also tried my hand at creating some improbable art! Here’s Jesus scrolling through Twitter on his iPhone, by Gustave Doré:

And the same subject as a print by Albrecht Dürer (interestingly, using the word “woodprint” gave me monochrome results, while just “print” threw up a few coloured prints!):

(I love how cranky Jesus is in the last image! He’s definitely gotten into an argument with a Twitter troll!!!)

Finally, I did the same subject as a stained-glass window:

I absolutely love how DALL-E 2 even tried to include some garbled text messages in a few of the resulting images it spit back at me!

Yesterday, I wanted to see how well DALL-E 2 could mimic an existing artist’s style, so I selected renowned French knife-painter Françoise Nielly (website; some examples of her work), who has a very distinctive, vibrant look to her oeuvre:

Here’s some of the better results I was able to get after trying various prompts over the course of a couple of hours (interestingly, most of these portraits are of African faces, although I did not specify that in my text prompts!). Again, please click on each thumbnail to see the full image.

And, as I have with previous AI apps like WOMBO and Reface, I have also been feeding Second Life screen captures into DALL-E 2. Here’s an example of an uncrop of one of my favourite SL profile pictures, of my main male avatar Heath Homewood (note that among many of the beta test restrictions imposed by OpenAI, you cannot upload photographs of celebrities or other human faces, but the stylized look of SL mesh avatars doesn’t trigger the system!):

Here are five results I got back, using the text prompt: “Man standing in a library holding a book very detailed stunning award-winning digital art trending on artstation” (click on each to see it in full size):

I had an image of Vanity Fair dressed in an Alice in Wonderland Queen of Hearts costume, where I erased the background of the screen capture, and tried out several different prompts, with some surprising results (I certainly wasn’t expecting a playing card!):

(Original image)

Here are some variations the SL selfie of one of my alts, where I once again erased the background and expanded the canvas size using Photopea (all the blank white space in this image, I asked DALL-E 2 to fill in for me):

Here are some results of variations of the following text prompt: “fairytale lake forest and mountains landscape by Albert Bierstadt and Ivan Shishkin and Henri Mauperché” (notice again the text failures, and also in some cases how DALL-E 2 “enhanced” the model’s original flower headdress!). Again, click through to see the full-size images.

So, as you can see, I am having fun! But I have also been pondering what this creative explosion within AI means for society as a whole.

I think that we are going to begin to see an accelerating wave, as these AI tools and apps improve, and start to encroach upon existing creative industries. The days of companies meticulously compiling and licensing stock photography are surely numbered, in an age when you can create photorealistic depictions of just about anything you can imagine. And I suspect that the food photography industry is in for an unexpected shake-up!

Many creative types have suggested that tools like DALL-E 2 will become a useful way to mock-up design ideas, saving hours of work at the easel, behind the camera, or sitting in front of PhotoShop. But others fear that many artists and photographers will someday be out of a job, and sooner than they anticipate, in the face of this AI onslaught. For example, why pay an artist to design wallpaper when you can create any sort of pleasing, repeating design yourself, matching specific colours on demand? And keep rerunning the prompts until you get a result you like, in a fraction of the time it would take a human artist to churn them out?

I don’t know how long the closed beta test of DALL-E 2 will run, or when and how OpenAI will start charging for the service; I suspect I will be writing more blogposts about this over time.

UPDATE July 5th, 2022: Laura Lane writes about DALL-E 2 in The New Yorker magazine, in an article titled DALL-E, Make Me Another Picasso, Please.

UPDATE July 10th, 2022: Photographer Thomas Voland has written up a lengthy blogpost about DALL-E 2, including over 100 generated images. The original is in Polish, but here is an English version via Google Translate. Well worth the read!

Thomas Voland’s article is well worth the read; it is illustrated with over 100 images he generated using DALL-E 2.

UPDATED! Dallying with DALL-E 2: My First Three Days Testing Out AI-Generated Art from Text Prompts (and Some Resulting Images!)

I know this post is off-topic, but I do hope you will indulge me! Today I checked my email and discovered that I have been among the first few lucky people to be accepted into the testing phase of DALL-E 2!

What is DALL-E 2? DALL·E 2 is a new AI system that can create realistic images and art from a description in natural language. Here’s a two-minute video that explains the concept:

Vox has released a 13-minute YouTube video that explains the concept behind DALL-E 2 and related AI-generated art systems in more detail:

DALL-E 2 is a significant step up from the original DALL-E system, promising more realistic and accurate images with four times greater resolution! It can combine artistic concepts, attributes, and styles, as well as make realistic edits to existing images. It can also create variations of an image based on the original.

UPDATE June 23rd: According to its creators, who participated in an AMA session on the r/dalle2 subReddit, DALL-E 2 was trained using roughly 650,000,000 images along with their captions. These images were either licensed or publicly available on the internet.

So today, in my first day using DALL-E 2, I decided to put it through its paces, and I discovered some of the strengths—and weaknesses—of the AI program, from OpenAI.

First, I wanted to see what it could do with a selfie from Second Life of my main avatar, Vanity Fair.

I uploaded a picture and clicked on the Variations button, and it generated what looked like reasonable Second Life avatars with slight changes to the original, as if I had fiddled with the face sliders and tried on different wigs:

Then, I wanted to try erasing the background of the image, and using it with a text prompt: “Vanity Fair wearing a ballgown in a highly-realistic Regency Era ballroom with elegant dancers”.

Among the results I got back were these:

I love how it gave Vanity elf ears in the second picture! Then, I decided to erase the background from a shot of my main male SL avatar, Heath Homewood:

The text prompt I gave DALL-E 2 to fill in the erased area was “man in a highly detailed photograph of an elaborate steampunk landscape with airships and towers”. Here are five of the six results it spit back at me (please click on each image to see it in a larger size):

The backgrounds are all quite varied, and also quite intricate in some cases! I also noticed that the AI “augmented” Heath Homewood’s hair in some of the pictures, while it left it alone in others. Innnteresting…..

My next prompt, “smiling man wearing a virtual reality headset with a fantasy metaverse background very colourful and clean detailed advertising art”, also generated some astoundingly good results, any of which could easily be used in a magazine advertisement or article illustration! (Again, please click on the images to see them in full size.)

So, I continued. As my apartment patio looks out over a small forest known for its deer and rabbits, I decided to enter the same text prompt, “a lush green forest with deer and rabbits”, appending the text with an artistic style. In response to each prompt, I picked the best of the six pictures DALL-E 2 gave me back, along with the text prompts I used (in the captions below each picture).

A lush green forest with deer and rabbits digital art
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits impressionist art
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits by Johannes Verneer
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits by Salvafor Dali
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits by Andy Warhol
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits in the style of Sunday on La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat
a lush green forest with deer and rabbits in the style of Inuit art
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits by Piet Mondrian
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits as a Disney cartoon
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits as a medieval tapestry
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits synthwave
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits cyberpunk
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits kawaii anime style (this wasn’t what I was expecting, but it’s so beautiful, like an illustration from a children’s book!)
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits chibi cartoon style
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits horror movie film still high quality
A lush green forest with deer and rabbits ancient Eqyptian carvings

While I am mightily impressed by these results, I did notice a few things. First, sometimes DALL-E 2 gave me a misshapen or mutated deer or rabbit, or even a mixture of a deer and a rabbit (and in one case, a deer merging into a tree!). Second, DALL-E 2 still seems to have a lot of trouble with faces, both of animals and of people (you can see this most clearly in the Disneyesque image above). In particular, you get terrible results when you put in the name of a real person, e.g. “Philip Rosedale wearing a crown and sitting on a throne in Second Life”, which gave some rather terrifying Frankenstein-looking versions of Philip that I will not share with you!

I did try “Strawberry Singh and Draxtor Despres dressed in Regency costumes in an episode of Bridgerton in Second Life”, and this is the best of the six results it spit back:

Strawberry Singh and Draxtor Despres dressed in Regency costumes in an episode of Bridgerton in Second Life

If you squint (a lot), you can just about make out the resemblances, but it’s very clear that presenting realistic human (or avatar!) faces is something DALL-E 2 is not really very good at yet. However, given how alarmingly quickly this technology has developed in a year (from DALL-E to DALL-E 2), the ability for AI-generated art to more accurately depict human faces realistically is probably not too far off…

However, the fact that you can already generate some amazing (if imperfect) art ahows the power of the technology,! This is AMAZING stuff.

But it also raises some rather unsettling questions. Will the realm of the professional human artist be supplanted by artificial intelligence? (More likely, tools like DALL-E 2 might be used as a prompt to inspire artists.) And, if so, what does that mean to other creative pursuits and jobs currently done by human beings? Will artists be out of a job, in much the same way as factory workers at Amazon are being replaced by robots?

Will we eventually have such realistic deep fake pictures and videos that they will be indistinguishable from unretouched shots filmed in real life? Are we going to reach the point where we can no longer distinguish what’s “real” from what’s AI-generated—or trust anything we see?

And how will all this impact the metaverse? (One metaverse platform, Sensorium Galaxy, is already experimenting with AI chatbots,)

So, like WOMBO and Reface (which I have writen about previously on this blog), DALL-E 2 is equal parts diverting and discomforting. But one thing is certain: I do plan to keep plugging text prompts into DALL-E 2, just to get a glimpse of where we’re going in this brave new world!

UPDATE June 23rd, 2022: I’ve spent the past couple of days playing around with DALL-E 2 a bit more, and I have discovered that, with the right kind of text prompts, you can generate some astoundingly photorealistic human profiles! Here are a couple of examples:

Prompt: “show the entire head and shoulders in a face forward picture of a handsome blonde man with blue eyes and a strong chin award winning photography 35mm realistic realism”
Prompt: “stunning breathtaking head and shoulders portrait of a beautiful African woman golden hour lighting. brilliant use of light and bokeh. Canon 85mm”

It doesn’t have to be a human, either; how about a wood nymph with green hair?

Prompt: “stunning breathtaking photo of a wood nymph with green hair and elf ears in a hazy forest at dusk. Dark, moody, eerie lighting, brilliant use of glowing light and shadow. Sigma 85mm f/1.4”

I’ve also dissocovered you can combine two or more artistic styles in one reault. Here are the six pictures DALL-E 2 spit back in response to the text prompt: “a cottage in a lush green forest with mountains in the background and a blue cloudy sky by Albert Bierstadt and Charles Victor Guilloux and Vilhelm Hammershøi” (please click on each picture to see it in a larger size):

However, there are also some prompts which fail miserably! For example, I tried to create an image using the text prompt: “steampunk gentleman in a top hat riding a penny farthing bicycle in a steampunk landscape with airships in the sky colorful digital art”, Here’s what I got back:

Here are four of those AI-generated pictures (click on each thumbnail to see a larger version):

It’s very clear that DALL-E 2 has no concept of what a penny farthing bicycle looks like! For your reference, here’s the results of a Google image search for the vehicle in question:

I assume that DALL-E 2 will get better the more images it is fed (including, hopefully, images of penny farthing bicycles!).

My last prompt yesterday was “Vogue fashion models eating cheeseburgers at MacDonalds”.

Now, while the thumbnails may look good, most of these pictures are nightmare material when you look at them full-size: mismatched, misshapen eyes, wonky face shapes, etc. Really uncanny valley stuff. In thumbnail number six, you can also clearly see that several of the Vogue fashion models have more than two hands!

So, while DALL-E 2 is certainly capable of generating stunning results, it is far from a perfect tool. I don’t think that human artists and designers have to worry about losing their jobs just yet! 😉

I leave you with this thought-provoking half-hour YouTube video by an industrial designer and professor named John Mauriello who claims, “with recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence design tools, we are about to see the biggest creative and cultural explosion since the invention of electricity in the 1890s.”

P.S. With my blogposts about AI tools such as WOMBO, Reface, and now DALL-E 2, plus my coverage of AI implementations of NPCs in social VR platforms such as Sensorium Galaxy, I decided it was time to create a new blogpost category called Artificial Intelligence (please give me a bit of time to go back and add this category to older blogposts, thanks!).